keyword : final

final is used to define constants. The final modifier indicates that the value of this field cannot change.

Defining class level constants

Declare the field with final and static combination

Example

class Person{
 static final int MAX_SALARY = 10000000;
 public static void main(String args[]){ 
  System.out.println(Person.MAX_SALARY);        
 }
}

       

Output

10000000

   

Defining Object level constants

    Declare the field with final keyword.

   Example

class Person{
 final int MAX_SALARY;

 Person(){
  MAX_SALARY = 10000;
 }

 Person(int sal){
  MAX_SALARY = sal;
 }

 public static void main(String args[]){
  Person p1 = new Person(1000000);
  System.out.println(p1.MAX_SALARY);
 }
} 

Output

 1000000 

   

Some Points to Remember

1. You must initialize the static final variables, other wise compiler throws the error

Example

class Person{
 final static int MAX_SALARY;
 public static void main(String args[]){
  System.out.println(Person.MAX_SALARY);
 }
}

  

When you try to compile the above program, compiler throws below error

Person.java:1: error: variable MAX_SALARY might not have been initialized
class Person{
^
1 error

This is not the case with non final variables.

Example

class Person{
 static int MAX_SALARY;
 
 public static void main(String args[]){
  System.out.println(Person.MAX_SALARY);
 }
}

Output    

0

          

2.Static final variables must be initialized at the time of creation or in the static block, Otherwise compiler throws error

class Person{
 static final int MAX_SALARY;
 
 static{
  MAX_SALARY = 1000000;
 }
 
 public static void main(String args[]){
  System.out.println(Person.MAX_SALARY);
 }
}

  

Output

1000000

   

Above program compiles and runs fine, since initializing the static final variable in the static block is completely fine.

3. Trying to initialize the static final variable other than at the time of creation or in static block cause the compile time error. 

Example

class Person{
 static final int MAX_SALARY;
 
 Person(){
  MAX_SALARY = 1000000; //is a static final, can't be initialized here
 }
 
 public static void main(String args[]){
  System.out.println(Person.MAX_SALARY);
 }
}

        

 When you try to compile the above program, compiler throws the below error

Person.java:5: error: cannot assign a value to final variable MAX_SALARY
MAX_SALARY = 1000000;
^
1 error

4. You must initialize the final variables whether those are static or non-static, otherwise compiler throws error

class Person{
   final int MAX_SALARY;
   public static void main(String args[]){
   }
}

When you tries to compile the program, Compiler throws below error

Person.java:1: error: variable MAX_SALARY might not have been initialized
class Person{
^
1 error

                           

5. Final instance variables must be initialized in the constructor or in the instance blocks.

Example 1

class Person{
 final int MAX_SALARY;
 Person(){
  MAX_SALARY = 10000;
 }
}

     

Example 2  

class Person{
 final int MAX_SALARY;
 
 {
  MAX_SALARY = 100000;
 }

 Person(){

 }

 void setSalary(){

 }
}

6. Trying to initialize final instance variables, other than in constructor causes compile time error.  

class Person{
 final int MAX_SALARY;

 Person(){
 }

 void setSalary(){
  MAX_SALARY = 100000;
 }
}

  

Compiler throws the below error

Person.java:8: error: cannot assign a value to final variable MAX_SALARY
MAX_SALARY = 100000;
^
1 error

 

7. final for Reference types: For references to objects, final ensures that the reference will never change, meaning that it always refer to the same object. It makes no guarantees whatsoever about the values inside the object being referred to staying the same.

8. How to declare global constants in Java ?

Make a variable as public static final.

                    

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